Research conducted at Otto Von Guericke University, Germany, in 2003 demonstrated that propolis and its flavonoid constituents suppressed cytokines causing inflammation in human body cells and improved the immunomodulatory regulation. The study investigated the effects of different propolis extracts, of the flavonoids hesperidin, quercetin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on human immune cell functions. The results showed that propolis and its constituents suppressed phytohemagglutinin-induced DNA synthesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and T cells in addition to different types of cytokines. In contrast, the production of TGF-beta1 by T regulatory cells was increased. Those results indicated a direct regulatory effect of propolis on the basic functional properties of immune cells. The scientists propose that propolis can be a powerful natural anti-inflammatory medicine influencing different types of immune responses.
Reference: 2. Ansorge S, Reinhold D, Lendeckel U, Propolis and Some of its Constituents Down-Regulate DNA Synthesis and Inflammatory Cytokine Production but Induce TGF-B1 Production of Human Immune Cells, Z. Naturforsch. 580-589, (2003).
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